FORMULATION, EVALUATION, AND ANTIBACTERIAL TESTING OF JATROPHA CURCAS L. GUM TOOTHPASTE PREPARATIONS.
Keywords:
Jatropha curcas L., herbal toothpaste, Streptococcus mutans, antibacterial, formulation
Abstract
Dental caries remains a significant problem in Indonesia due to the activity of Streptococcus mutans, which damages tooth enamel. Prevention is done by brushing your teeth and using antibacterial toothpaste. Jatropha curcas L. sap has the potential to be a natural antibacterial agent because it contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. This study aims to determine the optimal formulation, evaluate toothpaste containing fence post gum as an antibacterial active ingredient, and assess its effectiveness against S. mutans. The research was conducted experimentally in a laboratory using a quantitative approach. Rubber samples were taken from Motinelo Village, Tabongo District, Gorontalo Regency. The toothpaste was formulated at 4%, 8%, and 16% castor oil extract (F1, F2, and F3) and tested for physical characteristics and antibacterial activity using the disk diffusion method. The results show that all formulas meet the physical quality standards outlined in SNI 12-3524-1995. Formula F3 (16%) had the largest inhibition zone and the most potent antibacterial activity, while F2 and F3 were not significantly different and were more effective than the positive control. Antibacterial activity is influenced by the flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and alkaloid content, which damage cell walls and inhibit bacterial metabolism. It is concluded that toothpaste containing fence post gum is effective at inhibiting Streptococcus mutans and has the potential to serve as a natural ingredient for maintaining dental and oral health.
References
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[32] Sultana, S. et al. (2018). Evaluation of physicochemical properties of commercially available toothpastes in Bangladesh. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry , 18 (2), 278–285.
[33] Suryawanshi, J. A., Patel, P., & Rajani, M. (2015). Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Jatropha curcas Linn. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 7 (2), 38–45.
[34] Tampoliu, MKK, Dewi Astuti, R., & Sinulingga, S. (2021). Optimization of Na-CMC Concentration as a Viscosity Modifier on the Physical Properties of Cherry Leaf Extract Toothpaste (Muntingia calabura L.). Jurnal Farmamedika .
[35] Wang, Y., He, J., Chen, Z. (2022). Interactions Between Streptococcus mutans and Other Microorganisms in Biofilms: Implications for Dental Caries. Journal of Oral Microbiology , 14 (1).
[36] Wardani, M. (2021). Evaluation of the physical stability of herbal topical preparations using the cycling test. Journal of Clinical Science and Pharmacy , 10 (2), 98–106.
[37] Yusuf, AA (2021). Mechanisms of flavonoid-induced membrane damage in Gram-positive bacteria. Frontiers in Microbiology , 12 .
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[2] Andini, R., & Dewi, A. (2023). The Effect of Adding Sorbitol as a Humectant on the Physical Stability of Betel Leaf Extract Toothpaste (Piper betle L.). Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Science , 7 (2), 115–121.
[3] Angriani, R., Rahayu, S., & Lestari, P. (2024). Inhibitory Test of Jatropha curcas L. Leaf Extract on the Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology , 10 (2), 78–85.
[4] Astuti, D. (2019). The effect of media type on the growth of Streptococcus mutans in antibacterial tests. Journal of Biology and Pharmaceutical Science , 17 (2), 65–72.
[5] BPOM, R. (2018). Guidelines for Stability Testing and Microbiological Testing of Pharmaceutical Preparations: Food and Drug Monitoring Agency.
[6] Darmawi, D., Murniati, E., & Setiawan, A. (2013). Characterization and Utilization of Jatropha curcas L. Sap as a Natural Adhesive. Journal of Forest Products Research , 31 (2), 145–152.
[7] Depkes, R. (2017). Indonesian Pharmacopoeia, 6th Edition. Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia.
[8] Dewi, NP, Sari, RM, & Putri, AD (2021). Potential of tannin compounds from medicinal plants as antibacterials against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. Indonesian Pharmaceutical Journal , 18 (1), 45–53.
[9] Fadholah, M., D. (2019). Effectiveness Test of Jatropha Curcas L. Leaf Sap Inhibitory Power Against Streptococcus mutans. Scientific Journal of Pharmacy , 6 (4), 192–199.
[10] Handayani, R. (2019). Antibacterial activity of flavonoids and tannins against bacteria that cause dental caries. Indonesian Journal of Biology and Pharmacy , 15 (2), 98–106.
[11] Ismiati, I. (2010). Principles and Processes of Evaporation in the Chemical Industry .
[12] Kamaruddin, NHA (2024). Metabolite profiling and antimicrobial activity of Jatropha curcas latex against oral bacteria. Molecules , 29 (3).
[13] Kusuma, D. (2019). Mechanism of action of saponins as natural antibacterials in herbal preparations. Pharmacia Journal , 8 (3), 45–51.
[14] Lakoro, N, A., and Maulana, Tri, S. (2025). APPLICATION OF EXCIPIENT CO-PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY FOR SAMBILOTO EXTRACT TABLETS. Journal of Health, Technology and Science (JHTS) , 6 (2), 67–76.
[15] Lestari, AD, & Widodo, D. (2021). Antibacterial Activity Test of Jatropha Curcas Sap against Streptococcus mutans In Vitro. Journal of Applied Dentistry , 4 (2), 89–94.
[16] Manoppo, CL, Kalesaran, AF, & Najoan, JJ (2021). Stability and Homogeneity Test of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Fruit Extract Toothpaste. Scientific Journal of Pharmacy , 10 (4), 320–327.
[17] Manoppo, CP, Suryanto, E., & Wewengkang, DS (2017). Antibacterial Activity of Jatropha Curcas (Jatropha curcas L.) Latex Extract against Streptococcus mutans. Pharmacon. Pharmaceutical Scientific Journal , 6 (4), 93–100.
[18] Martin, A., Bustamante, P., & Chun, A. H. C. (2010). Physical Pharmacy: Physical Chemical Principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. (4th Editio).
[19] Matos FS, Rosa VR, BL et al. (2014). Response of Jatropha curcas plants to changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability in oxissol soils. Afr J Agric Res 9:3581-3586 .
[20] Oktaviani, L., Nugroho, A., & Wibowo, S. (2021). Antibacterial activity of Jatropha curcas latex extract against Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Dental Science , 18 (2), 102–107.
[21] Prastiyanto, ME, Tama, PD, Ananda, N., Wilson, W., & Mukaromah, AH (2020). Antibacterial Potential of Jatropha sp. Latex against Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria. International Journal of Microbiology , 2020 (1), 8509650.
[22] Putri, NR (2020). The effect of flavonoids on biofilm and membrane permeability of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 9 (1), 33–41.
[23] Rahayu, S., & Nurjanah, D. (2022). Physical and organoleptic stability test of herbal toothpaste preparations with varying concentrations of Na-CMC as a gelling agent. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy , 9 (1), 23–30.
[24] Rahman, M. (2020). Mode of action of alkaloids as antimicrobial agents. Microbial Pathogenesis , 146 .
[25] Rahmawati, R., Mukarlina, M., Zakiah, Z., Khotimah, S., Linda, R., Turnip, M., Nugraheni, DK, Meilani, LD, Indriani, A., & Prawiga, BD (2023). Education on the Use of Microbial Secondary Metabolites as Biopesticides for Plant Resistance for Female Farmers in Sungai Kakap Village, Kubu Raya Regency. I-Com: Indonesian Community Journal , 3 (4), 1583–1590.
[26] Rahmi, F., & Fitria, L. (2022). Antibacterial activity of saponin compounds against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Chemistry and Health , 10 (1), 65–73.
[27] Rahmi, F. (2020). Study of the effect of cycling test on viscosity stability of polymer-based pharmaceutical preparations. , 9(1), 75–83. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 9 (1), 75–83.
[28] Rowe.BC, Sheskey, PJ, & Quinn, ME (2009). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th Editio).
[29] Santos, P.H., Oliveira, M.T., & Silva, L.A. (2022). Effectiveness of Antibacterial Toothpastes on Streptococcus mutans and Dental Plaque Control. Clinical Oral Investigations , 26 (8).
[30] Sinko, P.J. (2011). Martin's Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. (6th Editio).
[31] Siregar, D. (2022). Antibacterial potential of alkaloids through inhibition of DNA gyrase in bacteria. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research , 15 (4), 77–83.
[32] Sultana, S. et al. (2018). Evaluation of physicochemical properties of commercially available toothpastes in Bangladesh. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry , 18 (2), 278–285.
[33] Suryawanshi, J. A., Patel, P., & Rajani, M. (2015). Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Jatropha curcas Linn. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 7 (2), 38–45.
[34] Tampoliu, MKK, Dewi Astuti, R., & Sinulingga, S. (2021). Optimization of Na-CMC Concentration as a Viscosity Modifier on the Physical Properties of Cherry Leaf Extract Toothpaste (Muntingia calabura L.). Jurnal Farmamedika .
[35] Wang, Y., He, J., Chen, Z. (2022). Interactions Between Streptococcus mutans and Other Microorganisms in Biofilms: Implications for Dental Caries. Journal of Oral Microbiology , 14 (1).
[36] Wardani, M. (2021). Evaluation of the physical stability of herbal topical preparations using the cycling test. Journal of Clinical Science and Pharmacy , 10 (2), 98–106.
[37] Yusuf, AA (2021). Mechanisms of flavonoid-induced membrane damage in Gram-positive bacteria. Frontiers in Microbiology , 12 .
[38] Zhang, Q., Chen, B., & Yan, F. (2021). Role of Streptococcus mutans in the Pathogenesis of Dental Caries: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Strategies. Journal of Oral Microbiology , 13 (1).
Published
2025-09-24
How to Cite
PolontaloM. J. H., TampoyS. P., & KumajiS. S. (2025). FORMULATION, EVALUATION, AND ANTIBACTERIAL TESTING OF JATROPHA CURCAS L. GUM TOOTHPASTE PREPARATIONS. Journal of Health, Technology and Science (JHTS), 6(3), 259-274. https://doi.org/10.47918/jhts.v6i3.2463
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2025 Mudrikatul Jannah H. Polontalo, Sucia Pratiwi Tampoy, Syam S. Kumaji
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
