DINAMIKA FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN DAN TRAUMA DALAM PEMBENTUKAN KELEKATAN ANAK USIA DINI: STUDI KEPUSTAKAAN PERSPEKTIF BOWLBY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47918/dh9rp467Kata Kunci:
Anak Usia Dini; Internal Working Models; John Bowlby; Perilaku Kelekatan; Studi Kepustakaan.Abstrak
Perilaku kelekatan (attachment) pada anak usia dini merupakan hubungan emosional yang kuat antara anak dan pengasuh utama yang berkembang melalui interaksi konsisten, responsif, dan penuh kasih sayang. Proses ini terjadi secara bertahap, dimulai dari tahap pra-kelekatan (0–2 bulan), kelekatan awal (2–7 bulan), kelekatan yang jelas (7–24 bulan), hingga kelekatan yang tercipta dengan sadar (2 tahun ke atas). Pada tahap ini, anak menunjukkan preferensi terhadap pengasuh utama, mengembangkan konsep permanensi objek, serta belajar beradaptasi dengan hubungan yang lebih fleksibel. Kualitas kelekatan dipengaruhi oleh responsivitas pengasuh, kondisi emosional, lingkungan keluarga, dan pengalaman anak. Berdasarkan penelitian Mary Ainsworth, terdapat empat pola kelekatan: aman, menghindar, ambivalen, dan tidak terorganisir. Perkembangan kelekatan yang sehat mendukung pembentukan kemampuan emosional, sosial, dan kognitif anak di masa depan, serta menjadi dasar penting bagi hubungan interpersonal mereka sepanjang hidup.
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